Leveraging LLMs and attention-mechanism for automatic annotation of historical maps

Yuan, Yunshuang; Sester, Monika

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-6-52-2025

Articles | Volume 6

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Articles | Volume 6

https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-6-52-2025

Articles | Volume 6

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09 Jun 2025

| 09 Jun 2025

Leveraging LLMs and attention-mechanism for automatic annotation of historical maps

Yunshuang Yuan and Monika Sester

Yunshuang Yuan

Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany

Monika Sester

Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany

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LEVERAGING DYNAMIC OBJECTS FOR RELATIVE LOCALIZATION CORRECTION IN A CONNECTED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NETWORK

Y. Yuan and M. Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-1-2022, 101–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2022-101-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2022-101-2022, 2022

COMAP: A SYNTHETIC DATASET FOR COLLECTIVE MULTI-AGENT PERCEPTION OF AUTONOMOUS DRIVING

Y. Yuan and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2021, 255–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-255-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-255-2021, 2021

Preface

Auriol Degbelo, Serena Coetzee, Carsten Keßler, Monika Sester, and Sabine Timpf

AGILE GIScience Ser., 6, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-6-1-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-6-1-2025, 2025

Estimating the Ride-Sharing Potential for Universities in Hanover: An Integer Programming Approach

Oskar Wage, Udo Feuerhake, and Monika Sester

AGILE GIScience Ser., 6, 49, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-6-49-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-6-49-2025, 2025

Introduction to a Voxel-based Urban Digital Twin for Emergency Response Information Systems (ERISs)

Olga Shkedova, Felix N. Bäßmann, Udo Feuerhake, and Monika Sester

Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 9, 32, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-9-32-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-9-32-2025, 2025

Integrated Multi-Stereo Camera System for Robust Indoor Localization with Temporal Fusion

Faezeh Mortazavi, Alexander Kuzminykh, Volker Ahlers, Claus Brenner, and Monika Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-2-W7-2024, 81–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W7-2024-81-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W7-2024-81-2024, 2024

Multi-modal Land Cover Classification of Historical Aerial Images and Topographic Maps: A Comparative Study

Mareike Dorozynski, Franz Rottensteiner, Frank Thiemann, Monika Sester, Thorsten Dahms, and Michael Hovenbitzer

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-2024, 107–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-2024-107-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-2024-107-2024, 2024

Visualization of Space Occupancy Uncertainty in a 3D Voxel-based Urban Model

Olga Shkedova and Monika Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., X-4-2024, 311–317, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-2024-311-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-X-4-2024-311-2024, 2024

Exploring User Semantic Annotation from Trajectories in the Scenario of Shared Locations

Jens Golze, Monika Sester, Udo Feuerhake, and Claus Brenner

AGILE GIScience Ser., 5, 25, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-5-25-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-5-25-2024, 2024

PolygonTranslator - learning to simplify building footprints from one scale to another

Yu Feng, Ning Qian, Cheng Fu, Zhiyong Zhou, and Monika Sester

Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 6, 60, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-6-60-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-6-60-2023, 2023

VOXEL-BASED POINT CLOUD LOCALIZATION FOR SMART SPACES MANAGEMENT

F. S. Mortazavi, O. Shkedova, U. Feuerhake, C. Brenner, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W1-2023, 325–332, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-325-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-325-2023, 2023

Traffic Regulation Recognition using Crowd-Sensed GPS and Map Data: a Hybrid Approach

Stefania Zourlidou, Jens Golze, and Monika Sester

AGILE GIScience Ser., 3, 22, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-22-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-22-2022, 2022

RISK ANALYSIS OF CYCLING ACCIDENTS USING A TRAFFIC DEMAND MODEL

O. Wage, L. Bienzeisler, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B4-2022, 427–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2022-427-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2022-427-2022, 2022

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS USING OPEN DATA

J. Golze, U. Feuerhake, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B4-2022, 125–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2022-125-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2022-125-2022, 2022

TRAFFIC CONTROL RECOGNITION WITH AN ATTENTION MECHANISM USING SPEED-PROFILE AND SATELLITE IMAGERY DATA

H. Cheng, H. Lei, S. Zourlidou, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B4-2022, 287–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2022-287-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2022-287-2022, 2022

UNCERTAINTY REPRESENTATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF 3D BUILDING MODELS

Q. Zou and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 335–341, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-335-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-335-2022, 2022

BUILDING CHANGE DETECTION IN AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING AND DENSE IMAGE MATCHING POINT CLOUDS USING A RESIDUAL NEURAL NETWORK

F. Politz and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 625–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-625-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-625-2022, 2022

IMPROVING 3D PEDESTRIAN DETECTION FOR WEARABLE SENSOR DATA WITH 2D HUMAN POSE

V. Kamalasanan, Y. Feng, and M. Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-4-2022, 219–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-4-2022-219-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-4-2022-219-2022, 2022

LEVERAGING DYNAMIC OBJECTS FOR RELATIVE LOCALIZATION CORRECTION IN A CONNECTED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE NETWORK

Y. Yuan and M. Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-1-2022, 101–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2022-101-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-1-2022-101-2022, 2022

Nudging travelers to favorable routes: The impact of visual communication and emotional responses on decision making

Stefan Fuest, Monika Sester, and Amy L. Griffin

Abstr. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 3, 84, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-3-84-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-3-84-2021, 2021

IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS ON THE TRAFFIC FLOW BASED ON MASSIVE FLOATING CAR DATA

J. Golze, U. Feuerhake, C. Koetsier, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B4-2021, 95–102, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2021-95-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2021-95-2021, 2021

DETERMINATION OF PARKING SPACE AND ITS CONCURRENT USAGE OVER TIME USING SEMANTICALLY SEGMENTED MOBILE MAPPING DATA

A. Leichter, U. Feuerhake, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2021, 185–192, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-185-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-185-2021, 2021

COMAP: A SYNTHETIC DATASET FOR COLLECTIVE MULTI-AGENT PERCEPTION OF AUTONOMOUS DRIVING

Y. Yuan and M. Sester

INCREMENTAL MAP REFINEMENT OF BUILDING INFORMATION USING LIDAR POINT CLOUDS

Q. Zou and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2021, 277–282, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-277-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-277-2021, 2021

JOINT ESTIMATION OF ROAD ROUGHNESS FROM CROWD-SOURCED BICYCLE ACCELERATION MEASUREMENTS

O. Wage and M. Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-4-2021, 89–96, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-4-2021-89-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-4-2021-89-2021, 2021

Building Change Detection of Airborne Laser Scanning and Dense Image Matching Point Clouds using Height and Class Information

Florian Politz, Monika Sester, and Claus Brenner

AGILE GIScience Ser., 2, 10, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-10-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-10-2021, 2021

Extraction of linear structures from digital terrain models using deep learning

Ramish Satari, Bashir Kazimi, and Monika Sester

AGILE GIScience Ser., 2, 11, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-11-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-11-2021, 2021

Group Formation in Shared Spaces

Yao Li and Monika Sester

AGILE GIScience Ser., 2, 34, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-34-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-34-2021, 2021

BEHAVIOUR CONTROL WITH AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS FOR SHARED SPACES

V. Kamalasanan and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B4-2020, 591–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2020-591-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2020-591-2020, 2020

MULTI-SCALE BUILDING MAPS FROM AERIAL IMAGERY

Y. Feng, C. Yang, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2020, 41–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-41-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-41-2020, 2020

FEATURE-EXTRACTION FROM ALL-SCALE NEIGHBORHOODS WITH APPLICATIONS TO SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF POINT CLOUDS

A. Leichter, M. Werner, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2020, 263–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-263-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-263-2020, 2020

LEARNING THE 3D POSE OF VEHICLES FROM 2D VEHICLE PATCHES

C. Koetsier, T. Peters, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2020, 683–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-683-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-683-2020, 2020

GEOMETRY-BASED POINT CLOUD CLASSIFICATION USING HEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS

F. Politz, M. Sester, and C. Brenner

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2020, 259–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-259-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-259-2020, 2020

DETECTION OF TERRAIN STRUCTURES IN AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING DATA USING DEEP LEARNING

B. Kazimi, F. Thiemann, and M. Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2020, 493–500, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-493-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-493-2020, 2020

SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF MANMADE LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES IN DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS

B. Kazimi, F. Thiemann, and M. Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2-W7, 87–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W7-87-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W7-87-2019, 2019

A framework for automatically visualizing and recommending efficient routes

Stefan Fuest and Monika Sester

Proc. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 2, 34, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-34-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-34-2019, 2019

JOINT CLASSIFICATION OF ALS AND DIM POINT CLOUDS

F. Politz and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2-W13, 1113–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-1113-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-1113-2019, 2019

TRAJECTORY EXTRACTION FOR ANALYSIS OF UNSAFE DRIVING BEHAVIOUR

C. Koetsier, S. Busch, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2-W13, 1573–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-1573-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-1573-2019, 2019

EXPLORING ALS AND DIM DATA FOR SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION USING CNNS

F. Politz and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-1, 347–354, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-1-347-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-1-347-2018, 2018

IDENTIFICATION OF SIMILARITIES AND PREDICTION OF UNKNOWN FEATURES IN AN URBAN STREET NETWORK

U. Feuerhake, O. Wage, M. Sester, N. Tempelmeier, W. Nejdl, and E. Demidova

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-4, 185–192, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-185-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-185-2018, 2018

IMPROVED CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY USING SPATIAL FEATURE MAPS EXTRACTED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA

A. Leichter, D. Wittich, F. Rottensteiner, M. Werner, and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-4, 335–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-335-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-335-2018, 2018

BUILDING GENERALIZATION USING DEEP LEARNING

M. Sester, Y. Feng, and F. Thiemann

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-4, 565–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-565-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-565-2018, 2018

ENHANCING THE RESOLUTION OF URBAN DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS USING MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEMS

Y. Feng, C. Brenner, and M. Sester

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-4-W6, 11–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-4-W6-11-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-4-W6-11-2018, 2018

Mapping similarities in temporal parking occupancy behavior based on city-wide parking meter data

Fabian Bock, Karen Xia, and Monika Sester

Proc. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 1, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-12-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-12-2018, 2018

Volunteered Geographic Information: Interpretation, Visualisation and Social Computing (VGIscience)

Dirk Burghardt, Wolfgang Nejdl, Jochen Schiewe, and Monika Sester

Proc. Int. Cartogr. Assoc., 1, 15, https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-15-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-15-2018, 2018

Areal rainfall estimation using moving cars – computer experiments including hydrological modeling

Ehsan Rabiei, Uwe Haberlandt, Monika Sester, Daniel Fitzner, and Markus Wallner

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3907–3922, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3907-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3907-2016, 2016

Short summary

The value of using moving cars for rainfall measurement purposes (RCs) was investigated with laboratory experiments by Rabiei et al. (2013). They analyzed the Hydreon and Xanonex optical sensors against different rainfall intensities. A continuous investigation of using RCs with the derived uncertainties from laboratory experiments for areal rainfall estimation as well as implementing the data in a hydrological model are addressed in this study.

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INTERSECTION DETECTION BASED ON QUALITATIVE SPATIAL REASONING ON STOPPING POINT CLUSTERS

S. Zourlidou and M. Sester

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLI-B2, 269–276, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B2-269-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B2-269-2016, 2016

Rainfall estimation using moving cars as rain gauges – laboratory experiments

E. Rabiei, U. Haberlandt, M. Sester, and D. Fitzner

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4701–4712, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4701-2013,https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4701-2013, 2013