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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">AGILE-GISS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>AGILE: GIScience Series</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">AGILE-GISS</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">AGILE GIScience Ser.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2700-8150</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/agile-giss-7-7-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>When Today’s Accuracy Fails Tomorrow: Evaluating Spatially Driven Real Estate Prediction Models</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kmen</surname>
<given-names>Christopher</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Navratil</surname>
<given-names>Gerhard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Giannopoulos</surname>
<given-names>Ioannis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Geoinformation Group, Vienna, 1040, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<elocation-id>7</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Christopher Kmen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/7/7/2026/agile-giss-7-7-2026.html">This article is available from https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/7/7/2026/agile-giss-7-7-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/7/7/2026/agile-giss-7-7-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/7/7/2026/agile-giss-7-7-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Predictive models in real estate research often remain more theoretical than practically applicable. Beyond the limitation of restricted access to high-quality data, most studies are further constrained by short and methodologically weak prediction horizons. A common practice is to train and test models on unseen data originating from the same time period, an approach that does not reflect real predictive scenarios involving structural spatial change and future market conditions. Moreover, spatial features are often treated as auxiliary rather than as primary predictors, which is particularly problematic for spatio-temporal domains such as real estate. As a result, many reported errors reflect test performance rather than genuine predictive accuracy. In this study, we compare four spatially focused modeling approaches&amp;mdash;XGBoost, MLP, EnsRF, and EnsMLP&amp;mdash;to assess their ability to predict transaction prices per square meter for newly built residential apartments in truly unseen future periods and to expose the systematic bias introduced when test errors are interpreted as predictive performance. Using verified transaction data on newly built residential apartments in Vienna and a rolling, timeexplicit evaluation scheme, we demonstrate that models grounded primarily in spatial characteristics achieve robust long-term performance, with the hybrid EnsMLP architecture showing the highest temporal stability over prediction horizons of up to nine years.</p>
</abstract>
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