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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">AGILE-GISS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>AGILE: GIScience Series</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">AGILE-GISS</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">AGILE GIScience Ser.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2700-8150</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/agile-giss-7-4-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Towards Fine-grained Relevance Scoring of Social Media Posts in Disaster Response: A Decay-based Regression Approach</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hanny</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kramer</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jalilian</surname>
<given-names>Ehsaneddin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schmidt</surname>
<given-names>Sebastian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Resch</surname>
<given-names>Bernd</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>GeoSocial Artificial Intelligence, Interdisciplinary Transformation University (IT:U), Linz, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Computer Science, Idaho State University, ID, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<elocation-id>4</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2026 David Hanny et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/agile-giss-7-4-2026.html">This article is available from https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/agile-giss-7-4-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/agile-giss-7-4-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/agile-giss-7-4-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Geo-social media posts can provide valuable real-time information during natural disasters. However, assessing their relevance for emergency response remains difficult. Most existing approaches simplify relevance into discrete classes. To incorporate space and time, they typically rely on manually engineered distance features, overlooking the non-linear effects of spatial and temporal proximity. This study introduces a more fine-grained approach for multimodal relevance assessment that integrates spatio-temporal decay transformations with ordinal regression. Using a multilingual, geo-referenced X (formerly Twitter) dataset spanning floods, wildfires, and earthquakes, we evaluated four decay transformations and reformulated relevance assessment as a regression task. A stretched exponential decay function best captured the non-linear decline of relevance with increasing spatial and temporal distance. Incorporating decay-transformed features into a multimodal meta-learning framework improved both prediction performance and stability. Reformulating the task as a regression problem reduced RMSE and increased &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; compared to classification, with Support Vector Regression (SVR) achieving the strongest results (RMSE: 0.231, &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;: 0.617). Granularity and entropy analyses revealed that regression provided much finer relevance estimates than classification. Overall, our research presents a first step towards making insights from social media more actionable and decision-ready for disaster response.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZPURT" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/779365/10/locale/ssl" width="150px" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reproducibility review available at: &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZPURT" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZPURT&lt;/a&gt;</p>
</abstract>
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